Dronesperhour

Glossar

Terminilogy and knowledge related to drones.

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If you have any questions about specific terms, feel free to contact us via our contact form, directly by email at contact@dronesperhour.com, or by phone at 03080098104.

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2.4 GHz Drone Frequency
This drone frequency transfers data at a longer distance than 5.8 GHz but at slower speeds.
5.8 GHz Drone Frequency
This drone frequency transfers data faster but a shorter distance.

A

A1/A3

This is a basic EU drone license class that is mandatory for drones weighing from 250 grams to 25 kilograms.

A1: 

This class is a prerequisite for flying UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) between 250 grams and under 900 grams (C1) within a distance closer than 100 meters to residential areas, commercial areas, and recreational areas. The UAS must be classified as C0 or C1.

A3: 

This class is a requirement for flying UAS from 250 grams to 25 kilograms at a distance of 100 meters from residential areas, commercial areas, and recreational areas. You can also fly with your old drone, such as the Phantom 3/4, Inspire 1, or Mavic 2.

This license allows you to fly in the EU, Switzerland, Iceland, and Norway. You can obtain this license in Germany through the Federal Aviation Office (LBA). Note: There is a Dutch company charging 100 euros for a course, whereas the LBA only charges 25 euros for the same course.

A2 (EU Remote Pilot Certificate)

This is a basic EU drone license class that is mandatory for drones weighing from 250 grams to 25 kilograms.

A1:

This class is a prerequisite for flying UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) between 250 grams and under 900 grams (C1) within a distance closer than 100 meters to residential areas, commercial areas, and recreational areas. The UAS must be classified as C0 or C1.

A3:

This class is a requirement for flying UAS from 250 grams to 25 kilograms at a distance of 100 meters from residential areas, commercial areas, and recreational areas. You can also fly with your old drone, such as the Phantom 3/4, Inspire 1, or Mavic 2.

In this examination, you will be able to answer questions on the following topics: meteorology, performance of UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) flights, as well as technical and operational ground risk mitigation.

This class is a requirement for flying UAS from 900 grams to 4 kilograms within a distance closer than 100 meters to residential areas, commercial areas, and recreational areas. The UAS must meet the C2 classification.

A2 is also a prerequisite for a general ascent permit and flights in the specific category. Additionally, the course content is valuable for anyone interested in drones, even if you own a mini or another small drone. We recommend obtaining A2 certification.

This license allows you to fly in the EU, Switzerland, Iceland, and Norway. Each country has its own A2 Remote Pilot Certificate. If you want both A1/A3 and A2 on one card, we recommend completing both certifications in Germany.

Accelerometer

Advice that measures directional acceloration; used to stableize quadcopters.

AGL (Above Ground Level)
Refers to height a UAV is flying above ground level. For example, a drone flying 200 feet above a 70 foot hill would be 200 feet AGL and would then change to 270 feet AGL after flying over the hill.
Acro Mode
Also known as manual mode and rate mode. Arco mode doesn’t automatically level the aircraft. This means that the pilot will have to constantly make adjustments to keep from losing control of the drone.
Aircraft

A device used for flight in the air.

Air Traffic Control (ATC)
A service provided by ground-based air traffic controllers (such as FAA in the US) who direct the safe and orderly flow of air traffic.
Atti Mode

DJI flight mode that is short for Attitude Mode, where the drone will maintain a specific altitude but not position. This means that the drone will maintain its height but the pilot will have to constantly adjust to maintain position.

Autonomous Flight
Flight of UAVs that is controlled by internal programming, rather than a person with radio control, that directs the drone where to fly. In this flight, control is completely relinquished, and intervention is not possible.

Auto Leveling

A flight mode that allows the drone to perform even flight. This is typically an automatic feature that is engaged through a setting on the drone. This flight follows a pre-planned route, but it is possible to intervene at any time and stop or pause the flight.

B

Barometric Altimeter (BARO)

An altitude measurement sensor that uses barometric pressure.

Bind
A procedure to link the drone to the controller.
Brushless Motor
Brushless motors are more efficient and durable when compared to brushed motors. They have permanent magnets that rotate around a fixed armature. A brushless motor provides an optimal flight time of up to 84 minutes.

BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight)

The ability to operate an unmanned aircraft beyond the pilot’s line of sight. This requires a special authorization from the FAA in the United States, or in Europe, the respective national aviation authority in the country of the company’s headquarters is responsible. In Germany, it is the Federal Aviation Office (LBA).

C

Center of Gravity

The location where most of the aircraft’s weight is located. The center of gravity needs to positioned almost perfectly in the center of the UAV to ensure level flight and stability in the air.

Commercial Drones

Commercial drones are UAVs specifically designed for commercial use and serve a particular purpose. Examples of commercial drones include the DJI Matrice 350 RTK and the Freefly ALTA 8, designed for tasks such as package delivery, 3D mapping with LiDAR, search and rescue operations, and professional cinematography.

Controlled Airspace

Controlled airspace refers to airspace with defined dimensions where air traffic control services are provided. The level of control varies depending on the category of airspace.
In the 16 control zones managed by DFS, which are all airspace D (Berlin-Schönefeld, Berlin-Tegel, Bremen, Dresden, Düsseldorf, Erfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hamburg, Hanover, Cologne/Bonn, Leipzig/Halle, Munich, Münster/Osnabrück, Nuremberg, Saarbrücken and Stuttgart), the release for UAS is generally considered granted if the following requirements are met (Nfl 1-1197-17):

  • The minimum distance to the aerodrome boundary is: 1.5 km.
  • The flight operations only take place in direct visibility of the remote pilot. (Binoculars, on-board cameras, night vision devices or similar technical aids are not considered direct visibility.)
  • During flight, the airspace is constantly observed, especially with regard to other traffic, by the remote pilot or a second person who is in direct contact with the pilot.
  • Manned air traffic must always be evaded, primarily by reducing the altitude or by landing.
  • Out of control aircraft models or unmanned aerial vehicles must be reported immediately to the responsible air traffic control unit.
  • Maximum weight of flight models: 5 kg
  • Maximum weight of unmanned aircraft: 25 kg
  • Maximum altitude of flight models: 50 m
  • Maximum altitude of unmanned aircraft: 50 m

Collision Avoidance

A collision avoidance system is designed to protect pilots from collisions with other aircraft as well as fixed obstacles such as buildings, power lines, trees, and towers. Various sensors are used for this purpose, including ADS-B and FLIR for air-to-air detection, as well as sensor technologies such as image recognition, ultrasound, LIDAR, and radar.

Controller

A handheld device that uses radio signals to control the drone.

D

DFS

The DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH, as a state-owned company, is part of the federal air traffic management. DFS provides a digital platform for Unmanned Aviation, developed jointly with the Federal Ministry of Digital Affairs and Transport, to centralize all relevant information for unmanned aviation. DFS controls air traffic at nine regional airports in Germany as well as at a major British airport.

Dipul

The Digital Platform for Unmanned Aviation provides users with an interactive map and collaborates with the Federal Ministry of Digital Affairs and Transport. This map offers tools to precisely determine the regions to be flown over and their associated zones according to regulations.

DJI

Acronym for Dà-Jiāng Innovations, which is the largest manufacturer of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and is based in Shenzhen China.

DJI Flight Modes

S Mode

  • Stands for Sports Mode
  • S Mode allows the DJI drone to fly and maneuver twice as fast as normal.

P Mode

  • The standard flight mode that most pilots use.
  • P Mode allows for precise hovering of the drone.
  • All sensors are active including GPS, image, and infrared.


A Mode / Atti Mode

  • DJI flight mode that is short for Attitude Mode, where the drone will maintain a specific altitude but not position.
  • This means that the drone will maintain its height but the pilot will have to constantly adjust to maintain position.

DJI trader

A ‘DJI dealer’ is a company or an individual authorized to sell DJI products, including drones and related technological equipment. They offer customers genuine DJI products and often provide technical support and warranties. DPH is one such dealer.

DPH-Droneschool

The DPH Drone School or European Drone School, is an officially designated examination center by the LBA with the number PstF. 003, where you can obtain your drone license online through self-study, as a digital seminar via video conference, at companies nationwide or at one of our 18 drone school locations (Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen, Rostock, Lübeck, Cologne, Frankfurt, Göttingen, Dortmund, Dresden, Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Munich, Karlsruhe, Würzburg, Stuttgart, Nuremberg, Memmingen). Obtain your drone license online with flexible learning options with us.

As a company, you can also book a 3-hour, 6-hour, or 4-day course for practical handling of UAS nationwide or at one of our 18 locations.


Additionally, we provide consultation services for your drone purchase and hardware and software.

Dronesperhour (DPH)

With the One Click – Your Flight App, DPH enables innovative implementations for 3D mapping and inspection for drone shots using waypoint-based flight routes and pre-programmed, individually adjustable templates (double orbit, ortho 3D, roof, facade, etc.) and individual waypoints to achieve optimal results.
DPH also provides comprehensive solutions regarding drones, licenses, hardware, and software.

Drone

The common term used to describe UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). This term is used to describe many types UAVs of different sizes and purposes ranging from toy quadcopters to military drones.

Dronie

A self portrait or self video captured using a camera drone.

E

eBeeX

A fixed-wing drone produced by sensFly capable of covering more distance that a quadcopter used for carrying different payload options for photogrammetry, 3D mapping, multipectral, and infrared.

Elektromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) occurs due to proximity to metal, magnets, power lines, or cell towers and can cause electrical disruptions. Therefore, there may be compass limitations for the UAS in these areas. Please avoid starting in the vicinity of the mentioned sources of interference and also refrain from flying too close to them.

Elios

A collission tolerant intuitive and precise drone for indoor inspection. The manufacturer is flyability.

EASA Dronelicense

The EASA drone license is crucial for the legal use of drones in Europe. Our guide provides information on EU registration and requirements for drone pilots, and how our DPH Drone School can assist you in this process.

ESC (Electric Speed Control)

An electronic device paired with the drones power suply and flight controller to control speed and direction of the drones motors.

EU-Remote-Pilote-Certificate A2
(incl. A1/A3)

The EU Remote Pilot Certificate A2 is a crucial qualification for drone pilots who wish to fly in urban areas and near crowds. This certification confirms that the holder has completed the necessary training and examination to operate drones safely and responsibly in category A2. You can conveniently complete this certification from home through our online drone school.

A1:
This class is a requirement for flying UAS between 250 grams and under 900 grams (C1) within 100 meters of residential, commercial, and recreational areas. The UAS must be classified as C0 or C1.

A3:
This class is a requirement for flying UAS from 250 grams up to 25 kilograms within a distance of 100 meters from residential, commercial, and recreational areas. Here, you can also fly with your old drone, such as the Phantom 3/4, Inspire 1, or Mavic 2.

A2:
EU Remote Pilot Certificate: In this exam, you will be able to answer questions on the following topics: meteorology, UAS flight performance, and ground technical and operational risk mitigation. This class is a requirement for flying UAS from 900 grams up to 4 kilograms within a distance closer than 100 meters from residential, commercial, and recreational areas. The UAS must meet the C2 classification. A2 is also a requirement for general flight permission and flights in the specific category. Additionally, the course content is valuable for anyone interested in drones, and even if you own a mini or another small drone, we recommend getting certified with A2. This certificate allows you to fly in the EU, Switzerland, Iceland, and Norway. Each country has its own A2 remote pilot certificate. If you want both A1/A3 and A2 on one card, we recommend doing both in Germany.

F

FAA
(Federal Aviation Administration)

A United States Department of Transportation Agency with authority to oversee and regulate all aspects of American civil aviation.

Fail Safe

A system the helps protect a drone in case of an error. An example of this would be having the drone automatically return to home if signal is lost.

FC (Flight Controller)

For multicopters, two propellers rotate clockwise and counterclockwise, respectively. This configuration cancels out the torques transmitted to the airframe by the propellers as long as the sum of the forces generated by the left and right rotating propellers is equal, thus neutralizing the forces. Rotation of the multicopter around the yaw axis (vertical axis) is achieved by controlling the left and right rotating propellers at different speeds. This disrupts the neutralization of torque, causing the multicopter to rotate around the yaw axis. Rotations around the longitudinal axis (rolling) and lateral axis (pitching) are accomplished by varying the control of motors located on the other axis. The speed of the left and right rotating motors must be adjusted inversely proportional to ensure that the sum of the torques they generate remains constant.

FOV (Field of View)

The measurement, in degrees, of how much can be seen through a camera lens.

FPV (First Person View)

The pilot sees what the drone sees through the use of a screen or mobile device.

Frequency

The frequency refers to the radio frequency used to control the UAS and transmit control data, telemetry data, and video signals. The radio communication signals used for UAS control and live feedback from the payload (such as a camera) typically operate on WIFI frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Usually, the signals are transmitted using a combination of amplitude and frequency modulation, enabling multiple channels, allowing pilots to find a channel without interference from others.

G

Geofencing

A virtual geographic boundary created the the use of GPS and software to limit where a drone can and cannot fly.

GCS (Ground Control System)

A device that measures directional acceloration; used to stableize quadcopters.

Gimbal

The mount on a drone where a camera sits; usually enables the camera to move and stabalize along multiple axes.

GIS (Geographic Information System)

A system used to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.

GPS/GNSS

The term “GPS/GLONASS/GNSS” stands for Global Navigation Satellite System, referring to a global satellite navigation system. It includes GPS (American), GALILEO (European), Beidou (Chinese), GLONASS (Russian) and QZSS (Japanese).

Gyroscope

The “gyroscope” helps to keep a quadcopter on course and maintain its orientation. Using the force of gravity, the gyroscope provides orientation. Gyro sensors measure angular velocity, which is the rate of change of rotation angle per unit of time. Angular velocity is typically expressed in degrees per second (°/s).

H

Hexacopter

A multi-rotor aircraft with six rotors. The advantage of a hexacopter is that even if one engine fails, you will still be able to land the drone safely.

HIRTA (High Intensity Radio Transmission Area)

Flying through an HIRTA can interfere with the electronics on your drone.

I

Inertial Measurement (IMU)

An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is an electronic component that belongs to the group of sensors. It measures the acceleration of the sensor, angular velocity, and orientation using a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers.

INS (Ineratual Navigation System

A system that calculates position based on the initial GPS reading while incorporating speed and motion sensor readings. Usefull when a drone loses GPS signal.

Infrared-Drone/UAV

A remotely operated unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with an infrared thermal imaging camera on board. An infrared camera captures a range of the electromagnetic spectrum in which thermal energy is emitted. Infrared imaging sensors detect incoming infrared energy, and the software interprets the signals into a digital infrared image or video.
Currently, there are three sensor sizes: 160×128, 320×256, 640x.
The Mavic 2 Dual features the 320×256 sensor at 8.7 fps, while the Mavic 3T features the 640×512 sensor at 30 fps. This means the Mavic 3 T has approximately 17 times as many pixels, allowing for flights up to 50 meters high, compared to only 15 meters with the Mavic 2 Dual, for example, in the search for fawns. Additionally, both the M30T and the M300 with H20T feature the 640 sensor, along with superior RGB cameras with a strong zoom.

IP-Rating

A rating system used to classify the degree of protection that an electrical enclosure has against water and dust.

J

K

L

LAANC (Low Altitude and Notificaion Capability System)

LAANC allows drones access to controlled airspace in near real-time. It is a collaboration between the FAA and and private companies in support of UAS integration into national airspace.

Lithium Polymer Battery (LIPO)

Battery chemistry that offers more power and less weight than NiMH and NiCad batteries. Variants include: Lithium-Ion.
A LIPO is a type of rechargeable battery commonly used in many drones. These batteries are characterized by their high energy density, lightweight construction, and ability to deliver power quickly, making them ideal for drone use. LiPo batteries consist of multiple cells connected together and housed in a flexible pouch, giving them a degree of flexibility. Due to their properties, LiPo batteries are sensitive to mishandling, overcharging, or deep discharge, so it is important to use and store them safely to avoid accidents.

LiDAR
(Light Detection and Ranging)

A method of detecting, measuring, and mapping using a laser. Often used in more difficult to measure situations that require a higher degree of precision.

M

MAh (Milliampere-houre)

Unit of measurement that describes the energy capacity of a battery.

LiDAR
METAR (Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather Report)

METAR (METeorological Aerodrome Report) is the format in which airports worldwide disseminate their weather reports. The format is largely standardized by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), although there are some specific variations or extensions for special purposes.

MSL (Mean Sea Level)

Altitude measured above the average height of the ocean/sea. A UAV that is at an altitude of 120 feet with a 30-foot hill beneath it would still be at 120 feet MSL (Mean Sea Level).

Multicopter

A rotorcraft with more than two propellers.

N

NOTAM (Notice to Airmen)

A notice to airmen or UAS pilots about potential hazards or flight restrictions along a flight route or at a specific location. These can be viewed on the Dipul website, where such zones apply, and authorities must be contacted for flight permissions.

O

Octocopter:

A multirotor aircraft with eight propellers, with four rotating clockwise and four rotating counterclockwise. For example, the DJI Spreading Wings S1000.

One Click Drone – Your Flight App

Our One Click Drone – Your Flight App is the best drone app for beginners, as well as experienced drone pilots, and even professionals find it very helpful. The app takes care of both fully automatic and error-free control of the DJI drone, as well as camera settings such as direction and gimbal pitch.
With it, you can create professional and aesthetic drone shots in no time.
This is particularly useful in the surveying and inspection industry for precise measurement through image capture of objects and for 3D modeling, using predefined templates for optimal object capture.

P

Part 107

For the USA these regulations define safety standards and restrictions for comercial drone operators created by the Federal Aviation Administration.

Photogrammetry

A method of mapping and surveying achieved by stitching photographs together to create one large image.

PIC (Pilot in Command)

The person who is ultimately responsible for the operation and safety during flight.

Pitch

Used to describe up and down movement along the vertical axis from the front to the back of the drone.

Plan a minute- save an hour

The slogan for Dronesperhour. It embodies our commitment to simplify the planning of drone missions. With our user-friendly app, you invest only one minute per hour in planning, achieving significant time savings. Optimize your workflow and boost productivity, allowing you to focus on more important tasks.

Professional Drone

High-quality UAVs equipped with the latest technologies and image sensors. Often, the drone and camera are sold separately. In this regard, the DJI Matrice 200, 300, and 350 are perfect choices for leveraging highly efficient technology.

Propeller

An angled blade used to create an area of high and low pressure to provide lift or thrust.

Q

Quadcopter

A multirotor aircraft with four propellers. Compared to a helicopter, it has the major advantage of being very easy to learn to operate.

R

Racing Drone

A quadcopter that is designed to compete in first person view racing.

RTH (Return to Home)

A setting that the drone operator can trigger on the remote controll to tell the drone to automatically return to a set location if signal is lost or battery power is low.

RTK-Technologie (Real-Time-Kinematics)

By using RTK GPS receivers, a drone can receive signals from ground stations to correct its position in real-time. This results in extremely precise flight paths and enables applications in areas such as surveying, mapping, agriculture, and many others.

S

T

Telemetry

A two-way digital data stream that relays flight data and instructions between the UAV and ground station.

TFR (Temporary Flight Restriction)

A temporary restriction of all flight that applies to a specific area due to the presence of government VIPs, natural disasters, special events, and other unusual occurances.

U

UAS
(Unmanned Aircraft System)

An unmanned aircraft, such as a quadcopter, controlled by an operator on the ground. Control can be either remote-controlled, along a pre-programmed flight path, or entirely autonomous.

Uncontrolled Airspace

Airspace G mostly extends from the ground to 2500 feet (762 m) above ground. In certain areas (e.g. around the control zones of airports), airspace G can be reduced to up to 1000 feet (305 m).
In airspace G is principally flown by visual contact. In order to ensure safety, the following minimum visibility conditions apply in airspace G: The ground view must be guaranteed at all times (the flight position of the UAS must be clearly determinable) and the flight view (horizontal view from the perspective of the aircraft) must be at least 800 m for rotary-wing aircraft.

V

VLOS (Visual Line of Sight)

The operation of a UAV within the direct line of sight of the operator without the assistance of, for example, video transmission. Line of sight is defined as being able to see the drone and determine its position clearly.

VO (Visual Observer)

An optional crew member whose task is to maintain visual contact with the UAV to ensure safe operation. For FPV drones, this is always mandatory, and the observer must maintain continuous contact with the drone pilot.

W

Waypoints

A set of coordinates that define a point in space; used to create a flight path for UAVs.

X

Y

Yaw

Rotating the drone along its vertical access.

Z

We will gladly answer your questions!